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trainedAbraham Darby Imoved toCoalbrookdaleinShropshireand built the firstblast furnaceto successfully smeltiron orewithcoke, transforming the quality, volume and scale on which it was possible to producecast iron.[36]In 1732Lewis PaulandJohn Wyattinventedroller spinning, the "one novel idea of the first importance" in the development of themechanised cotton industry.[37]In 1741 they opened theworld's first cotton millin Birmingham's Upper Priory.[38]In 1765Matthew Boultonopened theSoho Manufactory, pioneering the combination and mechanisation under one roof of previously separate manufacturing activities through a system known as "rational manufacture".[39]As the largest manufacturing unit in Europe this come to symbolise the emergence of thefactory system.[40]In 1746John Roebuckinvented of thelead chamber process, enabling the large-scale manufacture ofsulphuric acid,[41]and in 1780James Keirdeveloped a process for the bulk manufacture ofalkali[42]– together these marked the birth of the modernchemical industry.[43]Most significant, however, was the development in 1776 of theindustrial steam enginebyJames WattandMatthew Boulton.[44]Freeing for the first time the manufacturing capacity of human society from the limited availability of hand, water and animal power, this was arguably the pivotal moment of the entireindustrial revolution, and a key factor in the worldwide increases in productivity that would follow over the following century.[45]
[edit]Regency and Victorian
Thomas Attwoodaddressing a 200,000-strong meeting of theBirmingham Political Unionduring theDays of May, 1832Birmingham rose to national political prominence in the campaign for political reform in the early nineteenth century, withThomas Attwoodand theBirmingham Political Unionbringing the country to the brink of civil war during theDays of Maythat preceded the passing of theGreat Reform Actin 1832.[46]The Union's meetings onNewhall Hillin 1831 and 1832 were the largest political assemblies Britain had ever seen.[47]Lord Durham, who drafted the act, wrote that "the country owed Reform to Birmingham, and its salvation from revolution".[48]This reputation for having "shaken the fabric of privilege to its base" in 1832 ledJohn Brightto make Birmingham the platform for his successful campaign for theSecond Reform Actof 1867, which extended voting rights to the urban working class.[49]
By the 1820s, an extensivecanalsystem had been constructed, giving greater access to natural resources to fuel to industries. Railways arrived in Birmingham in 1837 with the arrival of theGrand Junction Railway, and a year later, theLondon and Birmingham Railway. During theVictorian era, the population of Birmingham grew rapidly to well over half a million[50]and Birmingham became the second largest population centre in England. Birmingham was grantedcity statusin 1889 byQueen Victoria.[51]Joseph Chamberlain, who was once mayor of Birmingham and later became an MP, and his sonNeville Chamberlain, who was Lord Mayor of Birmingham and later the British Prime Minister, are two of the most well-known political figures who have lived in Birmingham. The city establishedits own universityin 1900.[52]
Birmingham in 1886[edit]Twentieth century and contemporaryBirmingham suffered heavybombdamage duringWorld War II's "Birmingham Blitz", and the city was extensively redeveloped during the 1950s and 1960s.[53]This included the construction of largetower blockestates, such asCastle Vale. TheBull Ringwas reconstructed andNew Street stationwas redeveloped.
In the decades following World War II, the ethnic makeup of Birmingham changed significantly, as it received waves of immigration from theCommonwealth of Nationsand beyond.[54]The city's population peaked in 1951 at 1,113,000 residents.[50]
Birmingham remained by far Britain's most prosperous provincial city as late as the 1970s,[55]with household incomes exceeding even those of London and the South East,[56]but its economic diversity and capacity for regeneration declined in the decades that followed World War II asCentral Governmentsought to restrict the city's growth and disperse industry and population to the stagnating areas of Scotland, Wales andNorthern England.[57]These measures hindered "the natural self-regeneration of businesses in Birmingham, leaving it top-heavy with the old and infirm",[58]and the city became increasingly dependent on themotor industry. Therecession of the early 1980ssaw Birmingham's economy collapse, with unprecedented levels of unemployment andoutbreaks of social unrestin inner-city districts.[59]
In recent years, Birmingham has been transformed, with the construction of new squares like Centenary Square and Millennium Place. Old streets, buildings and canals have been restored, the pedestrian subways have been removed, and theBull Ringshopping centre[60]has been completely redeveloped. These were the first steps in the ambitious plans ofBirmingham City Councilfor the redevelopment of Birmingham, which has become known as theBig City Plan.[61]